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What is Free Evolution?

Free evolution is the idea that natural processes can cause organisms to develop over time. This includes the appearance and growth of new species.

Many examples have been given of this, including different kinds of stickleback fish that can live in either salt or fresh water, and walking stick insect varieties that prefer specific host plants. These mostly reversible traits permutations are not able to explain fundamental changes to the body's basic plans.

Evolution through Natural Selection

Scientists have been fascinated by the evolution of all living creatures that inhabit our planet for centuries. The best-established explanation is that of Charles Darwin's natural selection, a process that is triggered when more well-adapted individuals live longer and reproduce more successfully than those less well adapted. Over time, a community of well-adapted individuals increases and eventually becomes a new species.

Natural selection is an ongoing process and involves the interaction of 3 factors that are: reproduction, variation and inheritance. Variation is caused by mutations and sexual reproduction, both of which increase the genetic diversity of a species. Inheritance is the term used to describe the transmission of a person's genetic traits, which include recessive and dominant genes to their offspring. Reproduction is the process of creating fertile, viable offspring. This can be done via sexual or asexual methods.

Natural selection can only occur when all these elements are in balance. For example, if a dominant allele at the gene causes an organism to survive and reproduce more frequently than the recessive allele the dominant allele will be more prevalent in the population. If the allele confers a negative advantage to survival or lowers the fertility of the population, it will be eliminated. The process is self-reinforcing which means that the organism with an adaptive characteristic will live and reproduce far more effectively than those with a maladaptive feature. The higher the level of fitness an organism has, measured by its ability reproduce and survive, is the greater number of offspring it can produce. Individuals with favorable characteristics, like longer necks in giraffes or bright white patterns of color in male peacocks, are more likely to survive and 에볼루션 슬롯게임 produce offspring, which means they will make up the majority of the population in the future.

Natural selection only affects populations, not individual organisms. This is a major distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution which states that animals acquire characteristics by use or 에볼루션 바카라 무료, https://wwndirectory.com/listings582635/why-baccarat-evolution-isn-t-a-topic-that-people-are-interested-in-baccarat-evolution, inactivity. If a giraffe expands its neck in order to catch prey and the neck grows longer, then its offspring will inherit this characteristic. The difference in neck size between generations will continue to increase until the giraffe is no longer able to reproduce with other giraffes.

Evolution by Genetic Drift

In genetic drift, 에볼루션 사이트 the alleles of a gene could attain different frequencies within a population due to random events. At some point, only one of them will be fixed (become common enough to no longer be eliminated through natural selection), and the other alleles will diminish in frequency. In the extreme it can lead to a single allele dominance. The other alleles have been basically eliminated and heterozygosity has been reduced to a minimum. In a small population this could result in the complete elimination of recessive alleles. This is called a bottleneck effect, and it is typical of the kind of evolutionary process when a lot of individuals migrate to form a new group.

A phenotypic bottleneck can also occur when the survivors of a catastrophe such as an epidemic or a massive hunt, are confined in a limited area. The survivors will carry a dominant allele and 에볼루션 바카라 무료체험 thus will share the same phenotype. This can be caused by war, earthquakes, or even plagues. Whatever the reason, the genetically distinct population that remains is susceptible to genetic drift.

Walsh Lewens, Walsh and Ariew define drift as a departure from the expected values due to differences in fitness. They give the famous example of twins that are genetically identical and share the same phenotype. However one is struck by lightning and dies, while the other lives to reproduce.

This kind of drift could be vital to the evolution of the species. However, it's not the only way to evolve. Natural selection is the primary alternative, 에볼루션 슬롯게임 where mutations and migration keep the phenotypic diversity in the population.

Stephens argues there is a significant difference between treating drift like an agent or cause and treating other causes like migration and selection as causes and forces. He claims that a causal-process explanation of drift lets us differentiate it from other forces and that this distinction is crucial. He also argues that drift has direction, i.e., it tends to reduce heterozygosity. It also has a size which is determined by the size of the population.

Evolution by Lamarckism

In high school, 에볼루션 바카라사이트 students study biology they are often introduced to the work of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829). His theory of evolution is generally known as "Lamarckism" and it states that simple organisms grow into more complex organisms by the inheritance of characteristics that are a result of an organism's natural activities, use and disuse. Lamarckism can be illustrated by a giraffe extending its neck to reach higher levels of leaves in the trees. This would cause giraffes to give their longer necks to their offspring, which then grow even taller.

Lamarck, a French Zoologist, introduced a revolutionary concept in his opening lecture at the Museum of Natural History of Paris. He challenged conventional wisdom on organic transformation. According to Lamarck, living creatures evolved from inanimate material through a series gradual steps. Lamarck was not the first to suggest that this could be the case but the general consensus is that he was the one having given the subject its first general and comprehensive analysis.

The prevailing story is that Lamarckism was a rival to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection and that the two theories battled each other in the 19th century. Darwinism eventually triumphed, leading to the development of what biologists call the Modern Synthesis. The theory argues that acquired characteristics can be inherited, and instead argues that organisms evolve through the action of environmental factors, such as natural selection.

While Lamarck believed in the concept of inheritance by acquired characters and his contemporaries also offered a few words about this idea but it was not a major feature in any of their theories about evolution. This is partly because it was never scientifically validated.

It's been over 200 year since Lamarck's birth, and in the age genomics there is a growing evidence base that supports the heritability of acquired traits. This is often referred to as "neo-Lamarckism" or, more often, epigenetic inheritance. This is a model that is just as valid as the popular neodarwinian model.

Evolution through adaptation

One of the most popular misconceptions about evolution is that it is being driven by a struggle to survive. This is a false assumption and ignores other forces driving evolution. The fight for survival is better described as a fight to survive in a certain environment. This could be a challenge for not just other living things as well as the physical surroundings themselves.

Understanding the concept of adaptation is crucial to comprehend evolution. Adaptation is any feature that allows living organisms to live in its environment and reproduce. It could be a physical structure such as feathers or fur. Or it can be a trait of behavior, like moving to the shade during hot weather or moving out to avoid the cold at night.

The capacity of an organism to extract energy from its surroundings and interact with other organisms, as well as their physical environments, is crucial to its survival. The organism must possess the right genes to produce offspring, and must be able to access sufficient food and other resources. Moreover, the organism must be able to reproduce itself in a way that is optimally within its niche.

These elements, in conjunction with mutation and gene flow, lead to a change in the proportion of alleles (different varieties of a particular gene) in the gene pool of a population. Over time, this change in allele frequencies could result in the emergence of new traits, and eventually new species.

Many of the characteristics we find appealing in plants and animals are adaptations. For instance, lungs or gills that extract oxygen from air feathers and fur as insulation, long legs to run away from predators, and camouflage to hide. However, a thorough understanding of adaptation requires a keen eye to the distinction between the physiological and behavioral traits.

Physical characteristics like the thick fur and gills are physical traits. The behavioral adaptations aren't like the tendency of animals to seek companionship or move into the shade during hot temperatures. It is also important to keep in mind that the absence of planning doesn't make an adaptation. Inability to think about the consequences of a decision even if it appears to be logical, can make it inflexible.